Plato s Theory Of Love - 1812 Words

Plato s Symposium is written in such a manner that each speech accounted has at least one insight into the nature of love or Eros that is latter expanded, contradicted or confirmed by the speech given by Socrates using Diotima s wisdom. Plato was very wise in his teaching on love, progressing from the simple to the much more complex, climaxing with the with the recounted exchange of Socrates and Diotima and then finalizing the instruction with a comical, but well-placed praise of the paragon of a beloved from a completely drunken fool. This ordering is contrived but serves as an excellent framework for investigation into the question of what exactly is Plato s idea of love. Building upon the notion that Diotima s speech illuminates the highest mysteries of the art of love, the best course of investigation is to review each speech with the context of Diotima s claims to distill out the recurring ideas. These ideas then can be constructed into a decent definition of Platonic Love. The first speech of the symposium was given by Phaedrus, and thankfully, it is not very deep or difficult to understand. The key to understand his speech and most of the following speeches is to understand the Greek habit of ascribing a pseudo-divinity to almost every facet of everything. In this case, Phaedrus is equating mythological being called Eros to the human concept of love. Unfortunately, Phaedrus speech does little to directly define the nature of love, instead, Phaedrus decidesShow MoreRelatedPlato s Theory Of Love1789 Words   |  8 Pages Plato was a philosopher from Classical Greece and an innovator of dialogue and dialect forms which provide some of the earliest existing analysis of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Among some of Plato s most prevalent works is his dialogue the Symposium, which records the conversation of a dinner party at which Socrates (amongst others) is a guest. Those who talk before Socrates share a tendency to celebrate the instinct of sex and regard love (eros) as a god whose goodnessRead MorePlato s Theory Of The Forms1704 Words   |  7 Pages Plato’s Theory of the Forms Travis Meyer PHI 1090 Introduction to Philosophy 12/16/2015 Plato was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and theologian who lived from 424 BC to 348 BC in Athens, Greece. Plato was born into a high class family in Greece and therefore was very active in the Athenian community since he was from a high status family. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is known to be one of the bestRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato s Lysis1244 Words   |  5 Pagesfriendship is. Even today, most people struggle with clearly defining this kind of companionship, just as Socrates does in Plato’s Lysis. In this philosophical dialogue, Socrates and his peers debate potential theories concerning the reasons why people become friends with one another. Several theories are developed, but throughout the dialogue Socrates counters his own arguments in order to achieve further understanding of his inquiry. As they deliberate the true nature of friendship, Plato’s writing parallelsRead Mor ePlato s Theory Of Forms Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pages Plato was a standout amongst the most innovative and persuasive masterminds in Western philosophy, his impact all through the historical backdrop of philosophy has been monumental. Born around 428 B.C, he researched an extensive variety of topics; however, his Theory of Forms, found in The Republic, is an essential piece of Plato s philosophy. This is the center thought behind Plato s theory of forms, from this thought he moves towards clarifying his universe of forms or ideas. While tryingRead MoreThe Text Euthyphro By Plato990 Words   |  4 PagesJeanelle Moncrieffe   Dr. Cicura   Philosophy 2010 27 September 2017 The text Euthyphro by Plato is concisely a dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. Socrates confronts Euthyphro when he argues The point which I should first wish to understand is whether the pious or holy is blocked by the gods because it is holy, or because it is blocked by the gods (cf. pg. 31); 10a. This refers back to the Devine Command Theory and civil religion. Civil Religion is defined as a mixture between religion and culturalRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1307 Words   |  6 Pagesof the world so once he steps outside; the sun hurts his eyes, and burns his skin. He eventually acclimates, and is able to enjoy everything. Plato uses an Allegory with the relationship between the darkness of the cave and everything that the world has to offer. Plato believed that the human mind has the capability to recognize the ‘ideal forms.’ Plato uses the sun and something good and positive whereas the darkness is dull and haunting. With the sun, there is growth everywher e, light, and colorRead MoreHuman Nature : Good Or Evil1053 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding some economic ideologies, produce theories of human nature in order to establish fundamental human rights and to establish a more productive form of government. Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics of humans, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting; it is the moral principles that construct certain standards of behavior, which every person is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Many philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, and Locke attemptedRead MoreThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written nearly two centuries apart, The Republic by Plato and The Prince by Machiavelli offer important views on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, a nd preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions areRead MoreDifference in the Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and Their Influence.1213 Words   |  5 PagesGreek words of ‘philo’ meaning love and ‘sophos’ meaning wisdom (Philosophy). It is the pursuit for wisdom, to comprehend human behavior, nature and ultimately the meaning of life. Plato was the student of Socrates, influenced by his work, Plato aged to become a great philosopher himself; establishing his philosophy from that of his teacher. Aristotle was the student of Plato, and like his teacher, grew up to ground his philosophy from that of Plato. Although, both Plato and Aristotle criticized theirRead MoreCommunism: Its Origins and World Impact Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom it. Communism can be seen as a theory and a system of both political and social organizati on that has had a great impact on the world through most of the twentieth century. Let us begin by defining what communism is, where it all began, who were some of the key people that played a major role in communism, and when it fell apart. There are many different definitions of communism. Miskelly and Noce defined it as A political, economic and social theory that promotes common ownership of property

Oskar Schindler and the Famous List Essay Example For Students

Oskar Schindler and the Famous List Essay 05-27-04The Holocaust was a long and unspeakable time, which caused millionsof Jewish deaths. The main goal of the Holocaust was basically to get ridof every Jewish person alive because of the hatred and jealousy towardsthem. The Germans saw the Jews as worthless job stealers. Oskar Schindlerwas a huge part of the Holocaust and saved hundreds of Jewish families. Hewas a German businessman who wanted to start a company during this dreadfultime. Thus, he found a Jewish accountant to help him start his company,which consisted of Jews making pots and pans for the Germans. They workedfor no pay but Oskars company saved their lives a good proportion of thetime. When Schindlers Jews were close to being killed, they showed in themovie, Schindlers List how Oskar would usually say, You cant kill myessential workers. In Schindlers List, Steven Spielberg portrays OskarSchindler very realistically because he wants to keep the movie asrealistic as possible, compared to the book, Schindlers List an d actualHolocaust. We will write a custom essay on Oskar Schindler and the Famous List specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the beginning of the Holocaust, March 1943, there was liquidationin the ghetto and the Germans ran through Krakow and killed as many Jews asthey found because of their order to make the Jews vanished (Woggon I). The Germans basically just chose any house they saw, marched into it andkilled every Jew living inside. They continued 2to do so until almost all the Jews they could find were murdered. InApril, Goeth, one of the German leaders, received orders for the livingJews to burn the 10,000 Jews killed in Plaszow (Woggon I). In 1943hundreds of children, old and sick were killed and 2,000 Jews were sent toAuschwitz (Woggon 2). The sick and old people were the first to be shotbecause they were weak and twice as worthless. The Jews waited for theorders to be sent to the deportation camps. When the Germans pack thetrains, they accidentally put Schindlers most important secretary onto it. Schindler is extremely worried and goes to the train station right away torescue him. He warns a soldier to find his secretary or else he would bein huge trouble and so the soldier followed his commands. When Oskar foundhis accountant he yelled at him because Oskar could have lost everythinghis Secretary had done for him with the money. When the Jews weredehydrating in the train and dying for water, Schindler told the Germans tospray all the train carts with garden hoses. The Germans thought this wasjust his way of torture but Schindler was actually helping. The Jews that remained alive continued with the torturous orders givenby the Germans. All the Jews were now at death camps and could be shot atany random site. When the thousands of Jews were shipped off to theconcentration camps, their entire luggage was stolen and taken by theGermans (Woggon 1). The Germans just took the luggages and emptied out,every single item from every luggage bag. Once they emptied everything outthey looked for gold and all kinds of jewelry they could make good moneyout of. The Jews couldnt say anything about this, so they avoided thesituation of their 3property missing. Although, everyone finally had hope when Camp Brunnlitzwas liberated and Goeth was hanged in Krakow (Woggon 3). As Oskar saw all these murderers, he thought of plenty of ways to savehis workers. The Schindler Jews basically saw Oskar as their only hope. .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .postImageUrl , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:hover , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:visited , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:active { border:0!important; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:active , .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf018e7ccbaf60aabbd51cc904d7f52e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In the following I shall compare and contras EssayHe helped them when he was able to and kept them protected in his buildingby offering the Jews jobs at his factory. When Jews heard of Schindler forthe first time they heard of a speculator and charmer (Keneally 9). Therewere orders given day after day for the Jews to evacuate. All the Russianwere coming closer to Plaszow. Schindler started his company around thatexact time. For all of Schindlers work, his friend, one of his Jewishworkers, gave Oskar a golden ring that had an inscription that said, Hewho saves a single life saves the entire world.By 1944 Schindler made a list of workers he really needed, essentialworkers he couldnt exist without. (Woggon 2) These were his hardestworkers who produced his products the best. All day the Jews made pots andpans and products for the Germans. Sometimes the Germans inspected howhard the Jews were working in Schindlers Factory. If the Jews wereslacking off or not doing their job fast enough, the Germans would killthem. Also, if the Germans found a handicapped Jew or a really old Jew,they would shoot them because of there uselessness. Schindlers factorywas hurt by a series of harsh winters and had closed down at certain timesbecause of the machines being unable to work (Keneally 362). 4Spielbergs Dramatic movie, Schindlers List, was the main talk of1993. Movie critics had said, It was simply the most commerciallysuccessful movie ever. Schindlers List was an examination of the NaziHolocaust but it also carried within it an almost unbearably delicateobservation of human pain by being in black and white (Appelo 1). Themovie didnt show every single detail but the quick deaths left you inshock most of the time. The boldness of Schindlers conception is amasterpiece and an achievement like this is very unlikely to be duplicated. (Appelo 1)The Polish setting was part of the perfection, the ground iscovered with blood like a walk on tombstones says, actor Sagal. Thesetting gave it most of the reality. Spielberg made a true masterpiece by making this movie so accuratelybased on the Holocaust. He chose to keep just about every detail there wasin reality. By portraying the true story of a German businessman who savedmore than 1,000 Jews during the Holocaust, Spielberg appears determined toprove he can make a movie that will defy all expectations. In and aroundCracow, Poland, Spielberg was making maximum use of original sites such asnarrow streets in the cities old Jewish quarter and the entrance toSchindlers Factory because of the realistic scenes. The connection iswith the stories he has heard and remembered since childhood of relativeswho died in the Holocaust, with the film allowing him to chronicle thehorrors of the period. By focusing in on Schindler he also explorescomplex human behavior, he wasnt a classic saint, meaning he was theopposite of the Jews enemies. Those Jews that have visited the set foundthemselves ill prepared to confront the authencity of the re-creation ofthei r 5wartime traumas (Nagorski 1). Spielberg had made a true classic from thismovie. The scenes were so realistic that there were little to absolutelyno differences!

Grumman X-29 By Pace Essays (419 words) - Edwards Air Force Base

Grumman X-29 By Pace I have chosen to do my book report on the book "The Grumman X-29", by Steve Pace, for a couple of reasons. I've seen the X-29 in flight at an air show and was mystified by its wing design. I asked myself how could something like that fly at all? This book shed some light on the mysteries of how the X-29 flies and performs. I am going to tell you a little about the book and the X-29, so sit back relax and enjoy the fruits of my reading labor. The X-29 is a single-engine aircraft 48.1 feet long. Its forward-swept wing has a span of 27.2 feet. Each X-29 was powered by a General Electric F404-GE-400 engine producing 16,000 pounds of thrust. Empty weight was 13,600 pounds, while takeoff weight was 17,600 pounds. The wing substructure and the basic airframe itself are aluminum and titanium. Wing trailing edge actuators controlling camber are mounted externally in streamlined fairings because of the thinness of the supercritical airfoil. The aircraft had a maximum operating altitude of 50,000 feet, a maximum speed of Mach 1.6, and a flight endurance time of approximately one hour. Overall, VFC, like the forward-swept wings, showed promise for the future of aircraft design. The X-29 did not demonstrate the overall reduction in aerodynamic drag that earlier studies had suggested, but this discovery should not be interpreted to mean that a more optimized design with forward-swept wings could not yield a reduction in drag. Overall, the X-29 program demonstrated several new technologies as well as new uses of proven technologies. These included: aero elastic tailoring to control structural divergence; use of a relatively large, close-coupled canard for longitudinal control; control of an aircraft with extreme instability while still providing good handling qualities; use of three-surface longitudinal control; use of a double-hinged trailing-edge flap at supersonic speeds; control effectiveness at high angle of attack; vortex control; and military utility of the overall design. The book was overall very informative in the sense that all terms and ideas were explained clearly and simply in order to communicate to the general public better versus someone who is educated in the aeronautics field. I highly recommend this book to someone looking for a little overall knowledge of the X-29, but if you are looking for in-depth report and analysis you should look elsewhere. Bibliography NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Document number: FS-98-04-008 DFRC Responsible NASA Official: Jenny Baer-Riedhart http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-008-DFRC.html

Factoid and Tabloid

Factoid and Tabloid Factoid and Tabloid Factoid and Tabloid By Maeve Maddox My use of the word factoid in the sense of â€Å"a little fact† in a recent post earned me considerable disapproval from my readers. Here are just two examples: Really, Maeve, â€Å"FACTOID?!?† So you mean to say you are lying to us? You mean to say those are not facts, but, like asteroids or humanoids, merely things that have the APPEARANCE of them?   its like seeing Superman jaywalk. I wanted to cry Say it aint so, Maeve! I apologized in the comments for using factoid in this way. I did not try to justify my use by referring to this secondary definition in Merriam-Webster: â€Å"a briefly stated and usually trivial fact.† As has been stated numerous times on this site, by both writers and readers, â€Å"But, it’s in the Dictionary!† is no justification for using a word irresponsibly. Writer Norman Mailer coined the term factoid by adding the suffix -oid to fact. The suffix -oid is used chiefly in science to form nouns meaning â€Å"something having the form or appearance of; something related or allied in structure, but not identical.† A factoid, therefore, resembles a fact but is not to be relied upon as being completely factual. Bottom line, speakers who care about maintaining useful distinctions will agree with the astute blogger who wrote this in 2010: It seems to me to be the waste of a good word to use  factoid  with the sense of â€Å"brief factual item† when it provides such a useful word for the half-truths and opinions that pass for â€Å"facts† in much of the media. We already have the word  trivia  for â€Å"a trivial, or little-known fact.† Actually, that’s probably not the bottom line. Defend the â€Å"true† meaning of factoid as we might, the word’s meaning has begun to evolve. Some words, despite efforts to make them mean only one thing, take on a life of their own–even in the speech of those who initially resist the change. The more one hears a word used with new meanings, the easier it is to forget the meaning it started with. The word tabloid is a case in point. Like factoid, the word tabloid is a coinage. It was trademarked in 1884 as a brand name for a small, flat, compressed piece of a medicinal substance: a medicine tablet. In 1903, the manufacturers brought suit against druggists who were calling their own tablets â€Å"tabloids.† The company not only lost their suit, the defendants succeeded in reversing the word’s trademark status. Here’s the ruling: The word Tabloid has become so well-knownin consequence of the use of it by the Plaintiff firm in connection with their compressed drugs that I think it has acquired a secondary sense in which it has been used and may legitimately be used so long as it does not interfere with their trade rights. I think the word has been so applied generally with reference to the notion of a compressed form or dose of anything. After the court decision, tabloid lost its capital T and was used generically to mean anything that provided a lot of value in a small package: The small speedy Sopwith biplane has been nicknamed the ‘Tabloid’ because it contains so many good qualities in such small compass. –Aeroplane, 1913. When gossipy newspapers with pages half the size of standard newspapers came into vogue, they were called tabloids. Because the content of tabloid newspapers is deliberately scandalous and irreverent, the word has given birth to tabloid as an adjective meaning sensationalistic, and tabloidy, meaning trashy. Not only is factoid now in wide use with the meaning â€Å"a minor fact,† it has taken on a new meaning in the realm of industrial trade shows. I found a reference to â€Å"product factoids† on a Cardiovascular Research Foundation site: A product factoid is a PowerPoint presentation of product and/or treatment specs. These could include product size, product profile, and approval status. CRF has designed PowerPoint templates specific to each product or treatment category. Here’s a link to the article by the astute blogger quoted above: â€Å"What’s a Factoid?† As regards my own lapse, The only thing faster than the speed of thought is the speed of forgetfulness. Good thing we have other people to help us remember.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œVera Nazarian. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

A US Intelligence Service -- DNI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A US Intelligence Service -- DNI - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the U.S. intelligence service – DNI as defined in the U.S. intelligence budget, is a federation of different states in the United States. That works exclusively, together and separately for the main purpose of, gathering intelligence that is considered necessary to enable the different states, to maintain a stable national security, and for the benefit o maintaining good international relations for the United States. The U.S. intelligence service-DNI encompasses different activities such as the military intelligence and civilian intelligence based on one controlling body called the national security department. The role of the director of federal intelligence (DNI is to report to the president on virtually all matters that relate to national security, both personally and through issue papers. This research paper will conduct an in-depth analysis of the proposed research problem (The U.S. intelligence service – DNI), based on the different perspective. In order to help the director of the department to make informed choices about the matter, the issue paper will provide the pros and cons o the proposal, outline the implication of the proposal, its implementation, and provide recommendations that should be considered and the rationale for adopting the proposal. Thereafter, the researcher would make a conclusion based on the literature reviewed and his opinion concerning the subject matter.

Strategic Position of the UK Tourism Industry Essay

Strategic Position of the UK Tourism Industry - Essay Example The present research has identified that the UK tourism industry is facing tough competition from other tourist destinations in Europe, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Germany. Due to decline in the valuable US market, the industry is facing the slowdown. The increasing number of Chinese tourists over past few years and the high average spending capacity of these visitors present China as a potential emerging market for UK tourism. While competitive tourist destinations are already capturing Chinese visitors, UK tourism industry needs to take some urgent steps including promotion of UK as a favorite tourist destination along with government taking suitable measures related to visa and tax policies. The information regarding the strategic position of UK tourism industry and strategic option suitable for it are collected from secondary sources on the internet including newspaper articles, articles from websites, such as Visit Britain, tourism society, etc. Other authentic sources of secondary information have also been searched to take the strategic audit. In order to do the strategic audit, suitable marketing models are used. The report has focused on the tourism industry as a whole and complies with the guidelines of the national tourism agency of Britain i.e. Visit Britain. A threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants into the tourism industry of UK is quite high. Earlier, there were only a handful of low-cost carriers in the airline sector of the tourism industry. However, today there are a significant number of low-cost carriers that are presenting competition to well-established low-cost carrier services of Ryan Air and Easy Jet. Considering the emergence of new destinations for tourists on the global tourism map, the threat of new entrants is high. Governments of several countries and specifically the third world countries, such as Sri Lanka, India, etc. are seeing tourism as the major source to give the boost to their economy. Â  

Reversible Data Hiding on Color Images

Reversible Data Hiding on Color Images REVERSIBLE DATA HIDING ON COLOR IMAGES USING DIFFERENCE HISTOGRAM MODIFICATION Subash David A   Abstract: Data embedding is done by processing these selected coefficients of the modified subband histograms. We present a high capacity reversible watermarking scheme using the technique of difference average value coefficients of image blocks by using the tool Matlab. This scheme takes advantage of difference average value coefficients, which permits low distortion between the watermarked image and the original one caused by the LSB bit replacement operations of the watermarking technique specifically in the embedding process. By the proposed approach, compared with the conventional one-dimensional difference-histogram and one-dimensional prediction-error-histogram-based RDH methods [3] [20], the image redundancy can be better exploited and an improved embedding performance is achieved. Keywords: DPM, Histogram, LSB, Matlab, RDH, Watermarking, I.INTRODUCTION For most image data hiding methods [1], the host image is permanently distorted and it cannot be restored from the marked content. But in some applications such as medical image sharing multimedia archive management and image trans-coding any distortion due to data embedding is intolerable and the availability of the original image is in high demand. To this end, a solution called â€Å"reversible data hiding† (RDH) is proposed, in which the host image can be fully restored after data embedding. RDH is a hybrid method which combines various techniques to ensure the reversibility. Its feasibility is mainly due to the lossless compressibility of natural images. Many RDH methods [10] have been proposed in recent years, e.g., the methods based on lossless compression, difference expansion (DE), histogram shifting (HS), and integer transform [5], etc. Many researchers’ algorithm plays as an important work of RDH. In DE algorithm, the host image is divided into pixel pairs, and the difference value of two pixels in a pair is expanded to carry one data bit. All these methods aim at increasing the embedding capacity (EC) as high as possible while keeping the distortion low. This method can provide an embedding rate (ER) up to 0.5 bits per pixel (BPP) and it outperforms the previous compression based works. For the proposed method, by considering a pixel-pair and its context, a local image region is projected to a two-dimensional space to obtain a sequence of images that consisting of difference pixel variant pairs. Then, a two-dimensional difference histogram is then generated by counting the difference-pairs. Here, the DPM is an injective mapping defined on difference-pairs, and it is a natural extension of expansion embedding and shifting techniques used in current histogram-based methods. Finally, reversible data embedding is implemented according to a specifically designed difference-pair-mapping (DPM). By using the two-dimensional difference-histogram and this specific DPM, compared with the conventional one-dimensional histogram based methods, more pixels are used for carrying data while the number of shifted pixels is reduced as well, and thus an improved embedding performance is thus achieved. A new reversible authentication technique for images embeds a significant amount of data while keeping high visual quality. In order to verify the integrity of the image, we use a cryptographic hash function. The hash code is combined with a binary logo image by a bit-wise exclusive LSB replacement [9] or as well as difference pixel pair matching based on histogram matching technique in the difference image from the original image. On the other hand, a half the number of pixels of the image are added or subtracted by 1. Thus, the classification of pixels and also the terminal classification of the zeroth pixel and the last pixel are compared and shown together. II.PROPOSED WORK 2.1. Reversible Data Hiding The reversible data hiding [1] [7] in encrypted image is investigated. Most of the work on reversible data hiding focuses on the data embedding/extracting [20] on the plain spatial domain. But, in some applications, an inferior assistant or a channel administrator hopes to append some additional message, such as the origin information, image notation or authentication data, within the encrypted image though he does not know the original image content. And it is also hopeful that the original content should be recovered without any error after image decryption and message extraction at receiver side. This presents a practical scheme satisfying the above-mentioned requirements. A content owner encrypts the original image using an encryption key, and a data-hider can embed additional data into the encrypted image using a data-hiding key though he does not know the original content. Most of the existing watermarking algorithms are lossy. Permanent distortion is introduced into the host image during the embedding process and results in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) loss. In some applications such as legal, military and medical imaging, permanent loss of signal fidelity is not allowed. This highlights the necessity of lossless/reversible data hiding which can recover the original host signal perfectly after the watermark extraction. However, the payload of the reversible watermarking is typically lower than that of lossy watermarking algorithms. With an encrypted image containing additional data, a receiver may first decrypt it according to the encryption key, and then extract the embedded data and recover the original image according to the data-hiding key. In the scheme, the data extraction is not separable from the content decryption. In other words, the additional data must be extracted from the decrypted image, so that the principal content of original image is revealed before data extraction, and, if someone has the data-hiding key but not the encryption key, he cannot extract any information from the encrypted image containing additional data. In applications that image downsizing is required; the embedded information is extracted from the received image using lossless data hiding extraction method before the transcoding process. A â€Å"thin edge† location map is formed as side information for the image enhancement process. During image resizing, we divide the image into N x N blocks (for simplicity, assume N is a positive integer larger in value. To share medical images with some concomitant data, one approach involves adding, when allowed by the image file format, some extra header information. Unfortunately, header files are prone to manipulation and information loss may occur during file format conversion. Most data contained in the header of a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). fig 1: Input Original Image In the presented experimental results, the algorithm is applied to each color component of three 512 Ãâ€" 512 RGB images, for all images such as Baboon, Lena, and Fruits setting T1 = T2 = T3 in all experiments. The embedding capacity depends on the nature of the image itself. In this case, the images with a lot of low frequencies contents produce more expandable triplets with lower distortion than high frequency images such as Baboon. In particular with Fruits, the algorithm is able to embed some amount of bits with a PSNR rate in dB, but with only reduced bits image quality increases at some amount of PSNR value in dB. Location Mapping: The number of subgroup points, depth of wavelet transforms and overflow/underflow book-keeping data are the necessary side information that should be embedded into the high frequency transformation coefficients besides the hidden data. Below mentioned figure shows the embedding image retrieving process. In the first block the integer wavelet transform is applied on the original image. Then the coefficients of high frequency subbands are used for constructing the subgroups. fig 2: Location Mapping Then the data and side information is hidden. The stego image carrying hidden data will be obtained after inverse integer wavelet transform. In image recovery system, the integer wavelet transform is applied on the stego image. Then by using the side information level of wavelet applying and the points of high frequency sub bands are used to construct the subgroups. In this step the data is retrieved. Then each subband histogram is inverse modified according to its subgroup points. Embedding the normal image by considering the pixel values achieved the concept of data hiding, secret data communication, etc. We need an image, an audio; a text file, a web source to be hidden or these sources can also be used to hide a particular data or any types of files. Data hiding, secret data communication, encrypting the data plays an important role in making telemedicine applications, secrecy in defense communication, etc. Each subband histogram is modified according to its subgroup coefficients. Now the subbands are ready for data embedding. The data embedding stage hides the data by subband coefficient processing. This type of flow is called reversible data hiding. The reverse process can take the same flow of getting the image as input and doing some of watermarking procedure to hide the secret data. fig 3: Image in which the secret data is kept hidden Hiding Retrieving back the Hidden Web Source: Each and every data (any data can be hidden for instance image, audio, text file, web source, etc.) Here we have done with some updations in making the data hiding process with the new algorithm of histogram and data hiding which is used for hiding a web source and retrieving it back. These use the algorithm of reversible data hiding and that the web source link will be saved in a particular place and it can be hidden in an image. Then after that the process of decrypting the watermarked image will be carried out. Herewith below shown are the retrieved image and the web source. fig 4: Extracted Original Image A sorting technique is used in this method to record prediction-errors based on the magnitude of local variance, and a pixel will be prior embedded if it has a small local variance. This method performs well and it is superior to some typical RDH schemes. fig 5: Retrieved web link source from the Watermarked image Now the inverse formula of data embedding is applied. After that inverse integer wavelet transform is applied to obtain the image. Now the side information tells us that the Overflow/Underflow post processing is required or not. The original image is obtained after this step. In the histogram modification process, the watermark is embedded into the modified difference image. The modified difference image is scanned. Once a pixel with the difference value of -1 or 1 is encountered, we check the watermark to be embedded. III.CONCLUSION DISCUSSION: This work is an attempt to employ higher dimensional histogram as a hierarchical watermarking process along the pair mapping histogram level. Compared with the previously introduced one-dimensional histogram based methods, our technique exploits the image repetition as far as good and it achieves an improved performance. Since only one pixel of a pixel-pair is allowed to be modified by 1 in value. This issue should be investigated in the future. Moreover, utilizing more suitable two-dimensional histogram and designing more meaningful Difference Pair Mapping (in arrangement of pixels) to achieve the best embedding performance is also a valuable problem. If the bit to be embedded is 1, we move the difference value of -1 to -2 by subtracting one from the odd-line pixel or 1 to 2 by adding one to the odd-line pixel. This correlation makes the pair easier to satisfy smaller thresholds and, hence, to produce a large portion of selected expandable pairs. 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